abstract：:In this study, we examined whether adult humans' tool selections in a stick-and-tube problem might resemble previously published results of crows' selections if people had more experience solving the problem or were presented with a more ambiguous problem. In Experiments 1a and 1b, when given multiple opportunities to...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Silva FJ,Silva KM

更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Consistent with human gambling behavior but contrary to optimal foraging theory, pigeons show a strong preference for an alternative with low probability and high payoff (a gambling-like alternative) over an alternative with a greater net payoff (Zentall & Stagner, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 1203-1208, 2...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Molet M,Miller HC,Laude JR,Kirk C,Manning B,Zentall TR

更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We frame behavior in classical conditioning experiments as the product of normative statistical inference. According to this theory, animals learn an internal model of their environment from experience. The basic building blocks of this internal model are latent causes-explanatory constructs inferred by the animal tha...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Gershman SJ,Niv Y

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Appetitive, aversive and avoidance responses to a flavoured solution in distinct contexts were examined. Rats placed in either a white or black box were given access to saccharin. Consumption was followed by an injection of a toxin in one but not the other box. Rats showed more aversive responses in anticipation of an...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Brown AR,Penney AM,Skinner DM,Martin GM

更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The present research examined the temporal distribution of responding in a lick suppression paradigm. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with either a 30- or a 120-s conditioned stimulus (CS), which was followed either by a footshock (unconditioned stimulus [US]) or nothing. Licking during the CS was suppressed only i...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Jozefowiez J,Witnauer JE,Miller RR

更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two experiments investigated extinction and blocking of a conditioned inhibitor in a human contingency-learning task. Lotz and Lachnit (2009) and Melchers, Wolff, and Lachnit (2006) reported extinction of inhibition only when participants experienced outcome levels lower than those used in training. In Experiment 1, w...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Baetu I,Baker AG

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:New Caledonian (NC) crows are the most sophisticated tool manufacturers other than humans. The diversification and geographical distribution of their three Pandanus tool designs that differ in complexity, as well as the lack of ecological correlates, suggest that cumulative technological change has taken place. To inv...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Holzhaider JC,Hunt GR,Gray RD

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Socially learned behavior can be a crucial factor in how animals interact with their environment and, thus, in conservation and management. For species in which social learning and culture are important determinants of behavior, several factors complicate conservation and management. These include the rapid spread of ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Whitehead H

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The attenuation of an LiCl-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) by LiCl preexposure is mediated primarily by associative blocking via injection-related cues. Given that preexposure to morphine attenuates morphine-induced CTAs, it was of interest to determine whether injection cues also mediate this effect. Certain...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Davis CM,de Brugada I,Riley AL

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three conditioned suppression experiments with rats as subjects investigated the influence of higher order associations in determining the response potential of a target stimulus. In these experiments, a Pavlovian conditioned inhibitor was compounded with the target cue during extinction treatment. In Experiment 1, st...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： McConnell BL,Miller RR

更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In three experiments, we examined the effect of response-outcome relations on human ratings of causal efficacy and demonstrated that such efficacy ratings transfer to novel situations through derived stimulus relations. Causal efficacy ratings were higher, and probability of an outcome given a response was lower, for ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Dack C,McHugh L,Reed P

更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In four experiments, rats were trained on different patterning discriminations before being tested with compounds composed of novel combinations of the trained stimuli. In Experiment 1, rats were trained on a negative-patterning schedule (A+ B+ AB-) intermixed with reinforced presentations of a second compound (CD+). ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Harris JA,Gharaei S,Moore CA

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Perceptual learning has been extensively studied in both human and nonhuman animals, but the two lines of research have, for the most part, developed independently, addressing seemingly rather different issues by rather different methods. It has been argued, however, that analysis of the disparate phenomena studied in...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Hall G

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The present research demonstrates a conditioning order effect difference: Odor-aversion conditioning is stronger following OT+/O+ conditioning than following O+/OT+ conditioning with specific odor (O) and taste (T) cues. When a weak odor cue was used in Experiments 1A and 1B, OT+/O+ conditioning produced significantly...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Batson JD,Watkins JH,Doyle K,Batsell WR Jr

更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In four trace-conditioning experiments with rats, the influence on the blocking of differences between the blocking cue-unconditioned stimulus (US) and the blocked cue-US trace intervals was explored. Experiment 1 demonstrated blocking despite the blocked cue's having a shorter trace interval than the blocking cue in ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Amundson JC,Miller RR

更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Various types of discrimination learning tasks, such as so-called nonconditional, conditional, and biconditional tasks, are generally held to differ in complexity and to require different amounts of training. However, rather than a difference in rule complexity, between-task performance differences may reflect a diffe...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Maes JH,Eling PA

更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We compared acquisition and performance accounts of human contingency learning. After solving a discrimination in Phase 1, in which Cue A predicted the occurrence of the outcome and Cue B predicted its nonoccurrence (A+/B-), a new discrimination (X+/Y-) was superimposed in Phase 2 (AX+/BY-). The participants were fina...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Castro L,Wasserman EA

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We conducted three experiments to investigate the associative structure underlying the reinstatement of instrumental performance after extinction. In each experiment, rats were initially rewarded on two responses with different outcomes. At test, both responses were extinguished in order to assess the impact of a sing...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Ostlund SB,Balline BW

更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effects of test stimulus range on generalization gradients in humans were assessed for discriminations between faces that varied in brightness, faces that varied in orientation in the picture plane, and morphed faces. In Experiment 1, significant range effects, predicted by adaptation level theory, occurred when f...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Verbeek EL,Spetch ML,Cheng K,Clifford CW

更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We tested a California sea lion for visual oddity learning by presentingproblems composed ofthree two-dimensional black-and-white stimuli, two identical (S-) and one different (S+). In the first experimental stage, a single problem per session was presented until learning criterion was reached. In the second experimen...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Hille P,Dehnhardt G,Mauck B

更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In three Pavlovian magazine approach experiments, rats received conditioning of auditory and visual stimuli by pairing with a pellet. Then the stimuli received additional conditioning while presented in simultaneous compound and were tested either immediately or after a delay. The compound conditioning resulted in a d...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Rescorla RA

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons responded on fixed-interval and fixed-ratio food schedules during sessions of extended duration. Pause lengths from the beginning of the session, when the subjects were hungry, resembled those found in open economies, whereas pause lengths from the end of the sessions, when the subjects were close to satiation...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Posadas-Sánchez D,Killeen PR

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Clement, Feltus, Kaiser, and Zentall (2000) found that when pigeons have to work to obtain a discriminative stimulus that is followed by reinforcement, they prefer a discriminative stimulus that requires greater effort over one that requires less effort. The authors suggested that such a preference results from the gr...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Friedrich AM,Clement TS,Zentall TR

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The dominant theoretical approach to causal learning postulates the acquisition of associative weights between cues and outcomes. This reduction of causal induction to associative learning implies that learners are insensitive to important characteristics of causality, such as the inherent directionality between cause...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Waldmann MR,Walker JM

更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The role of the reinforcer in instrumental discriminations has often been viewed as that of facilitating associative learning between a reinforced response and the discriminative stimulus that occasions it. The differential-outcome paradigm introduced by Trapold (1970), however, has provided compelling evidence that r...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Urcuioli PJ

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In seven experiments, 2 squirrel monkeys were given choices between arrays of food that varied in the quantity offered. In Experiments 1-5, the monkeys were offered choices between quantities of the same food that varied in a 2:1 ratio. The squirrel monkeys failed to show the temporal myopia effect or a decrease in pr...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： McKenzie T,Cherman T,Bird LR,Naqshbandi M,Roberts WA

更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats received three-trial series on a T-maze consisting of extended visually distinct left-black and right-striped side runways. During the first phase of training, when allowed to select baited runways within these series, they predominantly alternated their choices. During the second phase, rats received forced-choi...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Cohen J,Westlake K,Szelest I

更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In three experiments, we assessed the role of signals for changes in the consequences of cues as a potential account of the renewal effect. Experiment 1 showed recovery of responding following extinction when acquisition, extinction, and test phases occurred in different contexts. In addition, extinction treatment in ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Pineño O,Miller RR

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We trained 7 pigeons to discriminate visual displays of 16 same items from displays of 16 different items. The specific stimulus features of the items and the relations among the items could serve as discriminative stimuli. Unlike in most studies of same-different discrimination behavior, we gave a small number of pro...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Gibson BM,Wasserman EA

更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:I review literature on four different approaches to the study of traditions in animals: observation of free-living animals, laboratory experiment, armchair analysis, and field experiment. Because, by definition, a tradition entails social learning of some kind, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to establish that a ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Galef BG Jr

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In two experiments, we examined the discrimination of photographs of individual pigeons by pigeons, using go/no-go discrimination procedures. In Experiments 1A and 1B, the pigeons were trained to discriminate 4 photographs of one pigeon from those of a number of pigeons. The subjects learned the discrimination, but th...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Nakamura T,Croft DB,Westbrook RF

更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous place conditioning studies in mice have shown that injection of ethanol immediately before a conditioned stimulus (CS+) produces conditioned preference, whereas injection of ethanol immediately after CS+ produces conditioned aversion. In the present experiments, we examined the learning that occurs when ethan...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Cunningham CL,Smith R,McMullin C

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Infants' memories are highly specific to their training stimuli; they rarely transfer learned responding. In two experiments, we asked whether sensory preconditioning facilitates the transfer of deferred imitation. In Experiments 1A and 1B, 6-month-olds were simultaneously preexposed to Puppets A and B and then saw ta...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Barr R,Marrott H,Rovee-Collier C

更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In five conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats, summation, retardation, and preference tests were used to assess the effects of extinguishing a conditioned saccharin aversion for three or nine trials. In Experiment 1, a summation test showed that saccharin aversion extinguished over nine trials reduced the a...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Brooks DC,Bowker JL,Anderson JE,Palmatier MI

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00